Class 10 Classification of Living Beings Exercise 2.1 Solutions | Science and Technology Curriculum Development Centre

Following are the differences between plant kingdom and animal kingdom:

The differences between Fish and Star Fish are:

Differences between Jelly Fish and Cuttle fish are:

Differences between Moss and Club moss are:

Differences between Pinus and Peepal are as follows:

Differences between Fish and Whale are as follows:

Differences between Dove and Bat are:

Living beings need to be classified to organize the vast diversity of life on Earth. Classification helps scientists study, understand, and communicate about different species more effectively by grouping them based on shared characteristics.

This organization makes it easier to identify organisms, understand their relationships, and study their roles in the ecosystem. By classifying, we can also learn about evolution and track how life has changed over time

Fucus and Marchantia may look similar, but they belong to different groups due to their distinct biological characteristics.

Fucus is classified as an alga, which is a type of simple, aquatic plant. It is has a structure that allows it to photosynthesize efficiently in water. Fucus has no true roots, stems, or leaves, and it reproduces through spores.

On the other hand, Marchantia is classified as a bryophyte, specifically a liverwort. Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that usually grow in moist environments. Marchantia has a more complex structure with distinct leaf-like structures and rhizoids for anchoring to the substrate. It reproduces through both spores and gemmae.

The differences in their structure, reproduction, and habitat preferences lead to their classification in different groups despite their superficial resemblance.

Gymnosperms do not bear fruit because they reproduce using exposed seeds that develop in cones rather than within a fruit. The term "gymnosperm" itself means "naked seed," indicating that their seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.

In gymnosperms, such as pine trees, male cones produce pollen, while female cones contain ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization. Once the seeds mature, they are released directly from the cones into the environment without the protective covering of fruit.

Fruits are a characteristic of angiosperms (flowering plants), which provide protection and aid in the dispersal of seeds. Since gymnosperms do not have flowers or ovaries, they do not produce fruits. Instead, their reproductive strategy relies on wind or other means to disperse their seeds.

A crocodile belongs to the reptilian class despite having a four-chambered heart because its overall body structure and characteristics align with reptiles. Crocodiles have scaly skin, lay eggs, and are ectothermic, meaning they rely on external sources to regulate their body temperature, which are typical traits of reptiles.

The four-chambered heart is an adaptation that helps crocodiles manage their oxygen supply efficiently, especially since they spend time both in water and on land

Bats and Whales have several dissimilar characteristics. Bats are flying mammals with wings made of skin stretched over their bones, while whales are aquatic mammals that live in water and have streamlined bodies adapted for swimming. Bats primarily use echolocation for navigation and hunting in the air, whereas whales use sound for communication and navigation in the ocean. Despite these differences, their shared mammalian traits classify them together in the class Mammalia.

Bats and whales belong to the same class, Mammalia, because they share key characteristics typical of mammals, such as being warm-blooded, having fur or hair at some stage in their lives, and nursing their young with milk produced by mammary glands.

Riccia is classified as an amphibian plant because it can thrive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This means that Riccia can live partially submerged in water while also being able to grow in moist soil.

As a member of the bryophytes, Riccia has structures that allow it to absorb water and nutrients directly from its surroundings, similar to other non-vascular plants. Its ability to live in water makes it well-suited for wet habitats, but it can also survive on land in damp conditions.

This dual habitat adaptation is what gives Riccia its classification as an amphibian plant, highlighting its versatility in different environments.

Fern, Cycas, and Banana are kept in the same division Tracheophyta of Kingdom Plantae. Despite their difference in flowering behaviors, they have similarities as well.

1. The plant bodies of Fern, Cycas, and Banana are differentiated into root, stem, and leaf
2. For the transportation of substances throughout the plant body, Xylem and Phloem are present as vascular tissues.

Because of the two similarities, these plants are kept in the same division. However, based on the differences, they are further classified into three sub-divisions: Pteridophyta (Fern), Gymnosperm (Cycas), and Angiosperm (Banana).

The plant kingdom is divided into three division:

1.  Algae
2. Bryophyta
3. Trachaeophyta

Trahaeophyta is further divided into three sub-divisions. They are: Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

The main features of Kingdom plantae are as follows:

1. They are multicellular, eukaryotic, immobile and chlorophyll-containing plants.
2. Their cells are with plastids and the cell wall is made up of cellulose.
3. They prepare their own food by the means of photosynthesis; hence they are called autotrophs. Some of them are, however, heterotrophs. Example: Parasitic ( Cuscuta )
4. They are vascular plants as they have vascular tissues i.e. xylem and phloem for conduction. However, Algae and Bryophytes lack them.
5. They store food in the form of starch.
6. They are either non-flowering or flowering plants.

Some similarities between gymnosperms and angiosperms are:

Kingdom: Both gymnosperms and angiosperms belong to the kingdom Plantae.

Reproduction: Both groups reproduce using seeds.

Vascular Tissue: Both have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water, nutrients, and food.

Photosynthesis: Both groups perform photosynthesis to produce their own food using sunlight.

Alternation of Generations: Both exhibit a life cycle that includes alternation of generations, featuring both gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

These similarities reflect their shared characteristics as seed-bearing plant

Yes, it is possible to distinguish the subdivisions of Tracheophyta (vascular plants) using only the leaves, but it may have some limitations.

Case 1: If the leaves are divided into leaflets and exhibit a pinnate or palmate venation pattern. And if the leaves are young and show circinate venation. Then the leaves can be identified as Sub-division Pteridophyta.

Case 2: If the leaves are simple needle like or pinnately compound, then the leaves can be identified as sub-division Gymnosperms.

Case 3: If the leaves are isobilateral, simple, linear, contain parallel venation or have reticulate venation and are dorsoventrally flattened, then the leaves can be identified as sub-division Angiosperms.

Although we can make some educated guesses based on leaf features, a complete classification may require additional plant parts for a more accurate identification.